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Rikishi

What is Rikishi?

In sumo wrestling, a rikishi is a professional sumo wrestler. The term literally means “strong man” in Japanese. Rikishi compete in a highly structured ranking system that ranges from the lower divisions to the top division, known as the makuuchi division. Within makuuchi, there are several elite ranks, with yokozuna (grand champion) being the highest and most prestigious title a rikishi can attain. Unlike other ranks, a yokozuna cannot be demoted; however, they are expected to retire if they can no longer perform at the highest level.

Professional sumo is organized by the Japan Sumo Association, and wrestlers live and train in special stables called heya, where they follow a strict hierarchical system. Younger or lower-ranked rikishi perform daily chores and assist senior wrestlers as part of their discipline and development.

Training is intense and typically begins early in the morning, focusing on strength, flexibility, balance, and technique. Core exercises include shiko (leg stomps), teppo (striking drills), and practice bouts. Rikishi also follow a specialized high-calorie diet centered around chanko-nabe, a protein-rich stew designed to help them gain and maintain body mass while supporting rigorous training.

Beyond competition, rikishi adhere to centuries-old customs and rituals. They wear traditional attire such as the mawashi (silk belt worn during matches) and perform ceremonial ring-entering rituals (dohyō-iri) before bouts. Their distinctive topknot hairstyle, known as chonmage, reflects samurai-era traditions.

Sumo is deeply rooted in Japanese history and Shinto practices, and many rituals performed in the ring have religious significance, symbolizing purification and respect for tradition.

Here’s an example of a ritual ceremony performed by a yokozuna before entering the ring, a powerful visual of sumo’s traditions in action:

Related Article: Sumo Wrestling: The Traditional Japanese Combat Sport

It's also the principle that lies behind all of Oriental martial arts. You don't try to stop your opponent, you let him come at you-and then give him a tap in just the right direction as he rushes by. The idea is to observe, to act courageously, and to pick your timing extremely well.
M. Mitchell Waldrop

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